Despite a series of reforms following deadly factory fires and protests, many of Pakistan’s 15 million garment workers struggle with poor working conditions and face threats if they try to unionise, Human Rights Watch (HRW) said in a report.“Pakistan’s government has long neglected its obligations to protect the rights of the country’s garment workers,” said HRW’s Asia director Brad Adams in a statement.

The new study shines a spotlight on a sector that faced heavy criticism in 2012 after a fire swept through one factory and killed nearly 300 people.HRW interviewed more than 140 people, including garment workers, and found that most were forced to work overtime, denied wages, paid and maternity leave, and given short-term, oral contracts.Pakistan’s top two textile and garment industry associations rejected the allegations and said foreign companies would have stopped sourcing from factories if they were not meeting labour standards.“Our members cater to some of the top brands in the world and are compliant with both labour and environmental regulations of the country and those followed internationally,” said Hamid Tufail Khan, head of the All Pakistan Textile Mills Association.On bathroom breaks, Mubashir Naseer Butt, main chief of the Pakistan Readymade Garments Manufacturers and Exporters Association, said: “If they are going to spend an hour there, naturally, that is not on”.A top labour official in Sindh province, the largest textile hub in Pakistan, said there was no evidence of widespread malpractice.“If they (workers) were unhappy, they would not be going to work,” Abdul Rashid Solangi told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.HRW found factories regularly flouted labour laws, which they said did not meet global standards. It said it had come across cases of child labour and severe discrimination against women, who make up 30 percent of the workers.